Windows NT :: essays research papers

Windows NT When a little and basic assortment of PCs run by the Defense Department, is presently an enormous overall system of PCs, what we call the 'Web'. The word "Internet" truly implies "network of networks." In itself, the Web is made out of thousands of littler nearby systems dissipated all through the globe. It interfaces around 15 million clients in excess of 50 nations per day. The World Wide Web (WWW) is for the most part utilized on the Internet. The Web alludes to a assemblage of data, while the Internet alludes to the physical side of the worldwide system containing a lot of links and PCs. The Internet is a 'parcel exchanging' PC arrange. At the point when an individual sends a message over the Internet, it is broken into little pieces, called 'parcels'. These parcels travel over a wide range of courses between the PC that it is being sent from to the PC to which it is being sent to. Telephone lines, either fiber-optics or copper wires ones, convey the vast majority of the information parcels. Web PCs along the way switch every parcel that will take it to its goal, however no two parcels need to follow a similar way. The Internet is planned with the goal that parcels consistently take the best accessible course at the time they are voyaging. 'Switches' which are boxes of circuit sheets and microchips, which do the fundamental undertaking of coordinating and diverting parcels along the arrange. A lot littler boxes of circuit sheets and microchips called 'modems' carry out the responsibility of deciphering between the telephone lines and the PC. The parcels are totally exchanged into a goal and reassembled by the goal PC. The present Internet contains enough dreary and interconnected circuits just to reroute the information if any segment of the system goes down or gets over-burden. The bundle exchanging nature of the Internet gives it adequate speed and adaptability to help ongoing correspondence, for example, sending messages to others in a talk situation (IRC). Each parcel is written in a specific convention language, called TCP/IP, which represents Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking Protocol. This convention is the basic language of the Internet, and it underpins two significant projects called File Transfer Convention (FTP) and Telenet. FTP lets the exchange documents from one Internet PC to another. Telnet gives an individual to log access to a remote PC. They have consolidated these two apparatuses in complex manners to make the Internet instruments such as Gopher, the World Wide Web and IRC. A few assortments of telephone lines and switches are bigger and more impressive than others. Soul and MCI both have each manufactured assortments of telephone lines and switches that befuddle the United States and can convey a lot of information.

Words Will Do Harm free essay sample

As children, a significant number of us played the straightforward word round of executioner. In spite of the fact that the game may appear to be innocuous, understand that the game shows us something life; if player one says an inappropriate thing to player two, it’s game over. Menaces regularly use words to assault their casualties. These words, when utilized inaccurately, regularly lead to annihilating impacts, for example, wretchedness, nervousness, and other physical and mental issues. Consistently, I am compelled to sit by and tune in to gossipy tidbits about my dearest companions develop. One of my companions, who has been nicknamed Morgan for security reasons, has the appalling inclination to get tormented. Rather than tuning in to these bits of gossip, I address him about different things, not spinning around the bits of gossip, to perk him up. I guard him and regularly reprimand any individual who shares talk about him. Morgan’s story is one of the a huge numb er of stories informed today concerning tormenting. Individuals frequently ask, â€Å"How would we be able to stop bullying?† I accept the main things we have to do is find out about what makes it start with, what impacts it has on our psychological wellness, and what delayed harassing causes over the long haul. Getting tormenting and its belongings will get us one bit nearer to discovering arrangements and consummation the issue. To start, understanding why harassing happens requires a fundamental information on what causes it in any case. Harassing is regularly brought about by family issues, social issues, and individual history among other littler classes. Family issues incorporate having an injurious parent, a separation in the house, conflicting control, and living in a perilous/unclean condition. Social issues are nearer to individual, mental explanations behind tormenting. They incorporate a craving for consideration, desire, envy, and the absence of individual/social aptitudes. Individual issues are regularly edged on by different factors such scaring family issues or a psychological maladjustment. Individual history is things that have occurred in life in view of past activities, including less than stellar scores, wellbeing, or social dismissal. I feel like Morgan’s menaces were brought about by a blend of each of the three. I know a portion of these individuals on a companion level and reali ze that they get horrible scores, or they will in general get desirous. Here and there, I may offer to assist them with these issues, yet they are frequently insane. Notwithstanding close to home history, another factor of harassing, its causes, and outcomes can be limited to the ever-changing subject of emotional well-being. Tormenting is frequently connected to psychological well-being issues on both the domineering jerk side and the casualty side. Menaces themselves regularly have a spray of low confidence and sympathize with the need to calm their torment on another person. The people in question, be that as it may, will in general give indications of despondency and tension just as physical issues brought about by psychological instability, for example, nonattendance from school and infection. Adolescents who end it all, also called bullycide when brought about by a domineering jerk, regularly have wretchedness preceding self destruction. In general, there are 100 endeavors at self destruction for each lethal endeavor. Once, I was stunned to discover a note left in my storage by Morgan, who clarified how he ‘felt like a slave’ a nd ‘found no good reason for life’ One understudy had even offered installment to Morgan on the off chance that he slaughtered himself. Despite the fact that I realized I expected to report the occurrence, I didn’t on the grounds that I expected that I would destroy our kinship. To expound, before mankind can quit tormenting, it’s great to know why it ought to be halted in any case. Tormenting makes various results from case. Be that as it may, probably the most widely recognized impacts the casualty may get are lower confidence, suspicion, interminable psychological instability, and an abhorrence for school. As referenced before, bullycide is self destruction brought about by harassing. Survivors of harassing are up to nine percent bound to think about self destruction than different understudies. Self destruction is the third driving reason for death in teenagers and slaughters 4,400 passings for each year. Proceeding Morgan’s story, I should concede that I accept he has had some drawn out impacts because of the tormenting. He shows compelling feeling and has dull considerations, like an encounter I once had. I in some cases dread for his wellbeing just as my own. It’s difficult to discern whether daily will come when a dear companion executes themself, or when they will be driven excessively far. Putting it quickly, it is critical to realize why harassing occurs, what psychological well-being has to do with it, and the impacts of tormenting over the long haul so we comprehend what a huge issue it is. I feel that the administration needs to set up a superior framework for psychological well-being screening and a framework for harassing reports. Research shows that diagnosing mental clutters early prompts better results (Mental Health Screening). This framework shouldn’t simply help the people in question, yet the harassers as well! There ought to be simpler, less confused approaches to report tormenting that are thought of as top need. We ought to likewise pay attention to emotional well-being. The framework ought to be a more secure, less scary approach to test for psychological maladjustments on everybody. In the event that an individual is awkward, they won’t open up about their emotions, their maltreatment, or their tormenting. On the off chance that a domine ering jerk realizes they will be kicked out of school, they will never go to discover help for themselves. On an individual level, an observer can go to bat for the individuals who are harassed around them. Maybe if everybody welcomed a pariah to have lunch with them, play sports, or work on a task could spare an actual existence from self destruction. With everything taken into account, harassing isn’t a simple subject to talk about or finish up, yet on the off chance that everybody does their part, we may discover an answer for this ever-changing perspective.

Effect of Social Media Sites on Our Lives

Acquaintance Social systems administration locales point with advance the foundation and support of systems of companions over the Internet and permit people to handily interface with one or all individuals from their interpersonal organizations, paying little mind to time or geographic location.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Effect of Social Media Sites on Our Lives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Kotecki (2011, p. 279), long range interpersonal communication locales are basically online networks that permit clients to meet up, impart, and share things, for example, photos, music, or different documents. Commonly, individuals utilize interpersonal interaction locales to ask their friend’s inquiries, state how they feel and what they are doing, or remark on something they have seen on another person’s page. In spite of the fact that there are various negative impacts related with the utilization of informal communi cation locales, various advantages can likewise be distinguished. Somewhat, the beneficial outcomes of certain sorts of Internet use may counterbalance the negative impacts of others. Impact on Business Globally, person to person communication locales are enormous organizations with the fundamental players winning billions of US dollars every year. Income is produced through promoting and innovation permits adverts to be focused, for instance, geologically and even by and by, to the clients dependent on age, sex, ethnicity, and perusing propensities. When all is said in done, person to person communication locales are among the most as often as possible visited sites on the Internet. The traffic rush to destinations like MySpace, Facebook, Bebo, and YouTube keeps on developing and now arrives at by far most of Internet clients all things considered and foundations. Thus, business administrators who promote on the Internet have the ability to open their items to a more extensive mark et. By working together through person to person communication locales, undertakings can eliminate promoting expenses and speed up at which data about their items gets to potential customers. Setting ready for action web based life promoting can be altogether more affordable than purchasing notices or utilizing customary advertising efforts. Effective advertising efforts on MySpace utilize components of intelligence and commitment to manufacture a relationship with the crowd. They likewise utilize advertising procedures that urge guests to share the site’s content with friends.Advertising Looking for exposition on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proper utilization of MySpace advertising efforts permits business endeavors to manufacture connections that convert guests to supporters and evangelists. LinkedIn, one of the top person to person communication destinations for business, has profiles of a few a great many experts and, clearly, 25 new individuals join the site each moment. By and by, numerous human asset enlistment forms incorporate Internet and person to person communication website searches to discover planned workers and temporary workers. Long range interpersonal communication locales can uncover how proficient an individual can possibly be, the different exercises that the person in question is engaged with, and furthermore approve data on their resume. Forthcoming representatives can likewise investigate on endeavors for which they are going after a job. Then again, when a worker is showing bizarre conduct and is accounted for disciplinary activities, the human asset division can utilize an informal communication site to check whether the venture is potentially being defamed or talked about by the representative being referred to. With alert and approval of the data inquired about, long range interpersonal communication destinations can profit an endeavor. Th e utilization of person to person communication locales likewise causes associations to viably embrace worldwide business activities. Virtual groups, for instance, might be made to empower representatives from various branches over the world to take a shot at joint activities. This wipes out the need to spend on voyaging, air tickets, or settlement. Impacts on Education Due to the negative exposure given to long range interpersonal communication locales, they have been obstructed by numerous schools. Accordingly, informal communication is something that youngsters generally do during their available time. As indicated by Tatnall and Jones (2009, p. 322), long range interpersonal communication locales can be utilized successfully to extend learning exercises. Such extension may incorporate a system of companions, educators, proficient specialists, and different networks. Scientists accept that these locales can be utilized to supplement customary and online study hall exercises. Desp ite the fact that not initially made for instructive purposes, long range interpersonal communication locales, for example, Facebook and MySpace are well known among understudies. In addition to other things, they can empower casual discourse and information sharing, interceded by understudies themselves. With such innovative headways, understudies are probably going to gain as much from informal communication destinations as they are from their appointed errands and reading material in class (Tatnall Jones 2009). By visiting a friend’s space, one can undoubtedly extend their system and along these lines build up new relationships.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Effect of Social Media Sites on Our Lives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The locales are rising, self-sorted out, and produce less homogeneous commitments. Normally, the greater part of the discovering that happens in Facebook is the sort of discovering that would occur, for example, in the school hallways, flasks, and telephone discussions after class. This recommends a casual discovering that rests in the hands of the understudies. It isn't homeroom based or organized. In spite of its latent capacity, be that as it may, there is an away from of research to address whether long range informal communication locales can be utilized adequately in training. Instructive organizations are likewise exploiting long range interpersonal communication locales to offer removed figuring out how to understudies who can not genuinely be available for exercises in a study hall. Various administrations including the utilization of email exist and these might be utilized to send undertakings to understudies and empower them to associate with mentors from any place they are. Coaches can thus give directions and offer direction to understudies varying. Consequences for Social Life Advances in Internet innovation have caused it feasible for individuals to connect with thei r informal communities online in a kind of virtual network encouraged by person to person communication locales. As per Kotecki (2011, p. 282), Internet social connections are normal and have an assortment of focal points and burdens. Visiting person to person communication destinations, for example, Facebook and MySpace is a famous interest for some individuals. While a few specialists contend that long range interpersonal communication locales have constructive incentive regarding social wellbeing, others are persuaded that utilizing innovation to interface with and keep up social connections can be unfavorable to the wellbeing and prosperity of people. On the positive side, the utilization of long range informal communication locales can build sentiments of association, decline sentiments of bitterness or nervousness, and lessening sentiments of social separation. Likewise, the utilization of innovation including interpersonal interaction destinations has been appeared to diminis h the separation that so regularly happens between companions when they move on from secondary school and go to various universities. A lot of regular highlights separates long range interpersonal communication destinations from other Internet based types of correspondence. These highlights incorporate the chances to make customized client profile pages, to connect with numerous companions inside the systems, and to leave remarks on the profile pages of others. Contingent upon the site or level of protection chose by clients, individuals from one’s informal community can be freely seen, and remarks can be openly posted. One of the most evident advantages of long range interpersonal communication locales is the straightforwardness with which clients can set up and keep up connections using specialized apparatuses offered by these destinations (Papacharissi 2010, p. 76). The Internet when all is said in done furnishes clients with various methods of collaborating with individua ls and gatherings. In any case, the novel highlights of person to person communication locales permit individuals to look and discover others, to sort out and share data with others, and to keep in touch with others utilizing only one application.Advertising Searching for exposition on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The utilization of informal communication locales can likewise expand odds of shaping connections and accepting input from others. Moreover, it is conceivable to keep away from negative associations and spotlight on positive collaborations on informal communication destinations than in up close and personal circumstances. For the most part, the expanded contact with peers incorporates an enlarging or widening of their companion systems. In visit rooms individuals can chat with numerous accomplices all the while in the open space. Utilizing texting, they can likewise converse with various accomplices simultaneously. Commonly, hence, long range informal communication locales offer clients an extraordinary type of correspondence that encourages the foundation and upkeep of social connections. With more chances to interface with others, increment the size of informal communities, and to be a piece of connections, clients can upgrade their wellsprings of social help. End The media has rel iably illustrated long range interpersonal communication locales. This in any case, it is basic to perceive the commitments of long range interpersonal communication locales to various aspects of our lives. As has been exhibited in this paper, internet based life locales have changed our method of getting the hang of, working together, and mingling. Reference List Kotecki, JE 2011, Physical Activity Health: An Interactive Approach, Jones Bartlett Learning, Ontario, Canada. Papacharissi, Z 2010, A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, Rou

Does Freedom of Speech Give People Right to use Hate Speech - 275 Words

Does Freedom of Speech Give People Right to use Hate Speech? (Essay Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstructorCourseDateDoes freedom of speech give people the right to use hate speech?Freedom of speech denotes right of an individual to interconnect with other people without restraint or fear of reprisal or unjustified authoritarian censorship or restriction. Any form of restriction on part of government needs specificity with a distinct purpose that goes beyond merely needing to exercise censorship (Dudley, 22). Hate speech, considered to occur outside the confines of law, is that speech with intent to offend, insult or threaten a group on basis of color, race, nationality, religion, disability, sexual orientation or any other trait. On basis of the law, speech with intent to spread hate, in conduct, gesture, display or in writing is not allowed as it has capacity to cause violence and related harmful action (Dudley, 23). In addition, hate speech can disparage as well as intimidate a given group of individuals. Ability to freely express thou ght is considered to be natural right meaning government does not issue such a right but can strip it away.As a consequence, protection of freedom of speech is acknowledged within legitimate documents (Dudley, 24). Freedom of speech is captured within universal declaration of human rights. An area of controversy is whether expression of hate speech in the name of exercising free speech ought to be discouraged. Globally, no country allows expression of words capable of invoking a fight. No country or state allows expression of ethnic or racial epithets if such an expression of thought will lead to violence. In other words, freedom of expression is not a guarantee that individuals can exercise hate speech since there are many undesirable effects of such action (Dudley, 27).Hate speech tends to exhibit views that may be considered to be bigoted hindering social cohesion and well-being. Disciplined communities are those which embrace the concept of free speech while being conscious of the effects of spreading hate speech. Some critics such as Waldron believe the idea of not regulating speech is necessary to allow positive changes in the community, since such communities are focused on self-edification (Dudley, 29). Unfortunately, such an argument favors an ideal community, which in reality does not exist. Social vises such as tribalism will flower in such a circumstance creating division within the society. A case in point would be 2007-2008 post-election clashes in Kenya. Violence resulted leading to death of more than 1000 people and displacement of others from their own homes. In effect, most citizens in Kenya become refugees in own country; a consequence of exercising freedom of speech beyond its limits. Evidently, freedom of speech does not mean freedom to spread hate speech (Dudley, 30).Allowing freedom of expression of thought, including malicious thought, encourages our society to embrace prejudice of identity. Philosophers such as Waldron argue that soc ial prejudice is not able to develop and take root singly. This argument is premised on the idea that hate speech induces instantaneous response within the community in context of personal luminary status (Dudley, 32). This argument borders on consequentialism and speculation. Allowing the community unchecked freedom of expression meaning members of society are free to voice personal opinion irrespective of its effects on groups targeted will cause our communities to embrace and move towards oppression of identity and related practices with time (Dudley, 32). Hate speech has a very significant role, if allowed to fester, within societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s casual setup. This casual setup consists, in part, of an array of materials, institutions, economic as well as discursive elements from which identity related social hierarchy arises (Dudley, 45). Such a system is only successful when members of community embrace freedom of speech without checking its limits (Greenawalt, 35).Spreading hat e speech under pretext of exercising freedom of expression is one of the causes of social insecurity within the community (Greenawalt, 35). Targets of hate speech tend to feel insecure and become unsure of individual social status thereby becoming non-functional members of society (Greenawalt, 35). This insecurity stems from fact that although a targeted members of community lives with understanding laws accords full rights by virtue of which there is full membership (de jure right), social insecurity associated with knowledge that a section of community despises an individual is sufficient cause for humiliation leading such members of society to take on a life style not pertinent free living (Greenawalt, 36). Freedom of speech should not encompass free expression hate speech. Restriction of hate speech has a positive impact on societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s order over time (Greenawalt, 36).A number of authors believe hate speech infringes on personal dignity. The concept of dignity forms a pertinent idea creating the need for restriction of freedom of speech to exclude hate speech. The main idea here is that hate speech corrodes individual welfare in general (Greenawalt, 38). Hate speech enhances violation of individual rights, although most pragmatics tend to avoid this argument (Greenawalt, 39). The main reason is that there is insufficient deontological as well as welfarist reasoning to advance this argument. However, basing argument on social well-being, it is obvious that hate speech ought to be limited since dignity as a whole is an element which founded on considerations such rank, hierarchy and status (Greenawalt, 39). Personal dignity is not limited to receiving poor or good treatment (Greenawalt, 40). What matters is individual treatment based on attitudes which prevail within a social setup, which in principle, would include perceived self-worth. Social standing and perceived self-worth are elements capable of being influence through the views of othe rs (Greenawalt, 40). Propagation of hate speech has ability to corrode how individuals perceive themselves when viewing personal social standing through the eyes of hate speech propagators. Freedom of speech does not mean freedom of hate speech since it has potential to cause creation of societal hierarchy (Greenawalt, 42).Hate speech corrupts individual recognition which is underlain by social status. Based on an argument presented by Heyman in his discussion relating to hate speech with respect to social recognition dignity, dignity encompasses receipt of fair treatment and sound recognition which clearly underlies individual status as being rights bearer in general (Greenawalt, 42). Social rights are founded on respect in context of individuality (Greenawalt, 43). In essence an individual will not be able to enjoy individual rights in a community in which personal rights unless recognized the rest of community (Greenawalt, 43). A number of theorist, one being Habermas, believe s ocial recognition is the Conner stone of a diverse and ethical community, one without social vices such as malice spread through hate speech (Greenawalt, 45). This argument presents one approach through which view on detrimental effects of hate speech in the community may be appreciated in totality. A culturally diverse community is one which respects freedom of speech (Greenawalt, 45). However, hate speech creates a situation in which only government respects and recognizes social status as well as identity (Greenawalt, 47).Allowing freedom of speech to extent that one is able to freely voice malicious thought is a violation of right to recognition (Allport Jennifer, 67). An example would be a community in which an individual calls for social and economic exclusion of one segment of the society due to belief that such a community is unworthy (Allport Jennifer, 67). The war in Rwanda was rooted in the idea of malice and hate speech. Two different communities refused to acknowledge each other leading to demeaning of individual as well as communal social standing. Theori...

The Major Events Of The 20Th Century Were Characterized

The major events of the 20th century were characterized by devastating political experiences of wars and totalitarianisms that were born out of the shifts in philosophical, social, political and economic ideologies and movements across many regions of the world. During this time in history, communism took root in many states where people took control of the economies in order to establish a communist society that was based on a social economic order that was structured upon common ownership of the means of production and elimination of social classes, money and the state (Kelz, 2016). This study examines the devastating experiences of wars, and totalitarianism of the 20thn century which include World War 1, the Russian revolution and†¦show more content†¦The war began in 1914 and ended in 1918 (Perry Bock, 2013). At the beginning of the war in early 1914, many German and English philosophers argued that world war is a wonderful idea and expressed a lot of optimism and enth usiasm at the mention of the issue. The idea of World War I led to the diffusion of party differences and class antagonisms at the call of national duty and many intellectuals were happy of the rebirth of idealism. The Russian Revolution The Russian revolution is another historical event that was driven by the philosophy of bolshevism that was driven by the desire to transition the society from extreme capitalism to socialism. During Russian revolution, workers engaged in endless battles for power in order to forever the then tyranny of the ruling class elite and the misery of exploitation. The philosophy of bolshevism had a significant impact on the behavior, attitudes and actions of many people during the Russian Revolution an ideology that symbolized peace, land to the poor and industry control to the workers (Perry Bock, 2013). During this period in history, the masses in Russia were awakened to the prevailing political realities and eventually culminated in the overthrow of Czardom in March 1917 as a result of spontaneous action of the masses. The Rise of Dictatorship The rise of dictatorship began to spread around the world in the 1920s and 30s during and after the World War II whenShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century1228 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century: The concept of nationalism is in essence an odd organization that has had significant impacts in world history through shaping the political and social aspects of the society. As an important aspect in the development of the society, the concept of nationalism has basically been analyzed based on its impact on the emergence of nation-states across the globe. In most cases, these analyses have been conducted to determine the influence of nationalism onRead MoreMy Point Of View 20th Century1110 Words   |  5 PagesDiala Tadros Unit #3 exam Q1 A. From my point of view 20th century period is the best and the worst time to represent the western culture. But it’s the best for the most part. Western culture refers to the culture of any country that is a part of the western world. The western country is always democratic has neo-liberal capitalist economy. Has a separation of church and state, and high livings standards with materialistic society? The USA, UK, France are examples of western countries. WesternRead MoreThe Most Traumatic Event Of The 20th Century1073 Words   |  5 Pages The Most Traumatic Event of the 20th Century The Holocaust is known as one of the darkest side and one of the most vast hardships in the 20th century. â€Å"Holocaust,† comes from the Greek words, â€Å"holos† and â€Å"kaustos.† The word, â€Å"holos,† means whole and the word, â€Å"kaustos,† means burned. It was historically used to illustrate a sacrificial offering of the burning on an altar. Ever since 1945, this word has been taken to a whole other level. Today, the meaning behind this word isRead MoreThe First Midterm Assignment During American History1500 Words   |  6 Pageslate-19th century was the most prolonged time period in American history and also what the bloodiest. Many violent events occurred that gave the 19th century its name, such as, profound labor conflicts between boss and workers, the Indian wars that was an extended battle for peace and a benefit in their lifestyles, the Jim Crow law which was established to separate races throughout the city, and also the fight fo r the American Empires power. These were the major issues that made the 19th century an importantRead MoreArt Movements From 17th 20th Century1453 Words   |  6 Pages17th-20th Century Art plays important part of mankind throughout our whole existences. During each period of time art has its own movements; the art style of the tendency in art committed by group of artists with common philosophy during a restricted period of time. Throughout the 17th to 20th centuries there are hundreds art movements that contribute to human purposes. Baroque Art, Romanticism, Art Nouveau, Dadaism, and Art Deco are some of the popular art movements during the 17th – 20th centuryRead MoreRagtime And Blues : The History And Their Influence On Jazz1581 Words   |  7 PagesInfluence on Jazz In the city of New Orleans, from parades to clubs and from weddings to funerals, one element usually remained constant throughout all these events: the music that permeated the air. At most of these occasions, a band often performed as entertainment, providing many opportunities for musicians in the area to work. By the early 20th century, due to various factors such as mix of ethnicities and cultures with syncopated musical styles influenced by African-American traditions, the increaseRead MoreThe Evolution Of Private Security1487 Words   |  6 Pageswhich has been characterized by development of laws, creation of barriers, and increased armament. The existing societies during the ancient times were faced with the need to plan and prepare for security because of warfare and looting that were carried out by people and groups (McNally, 2012). The first form of private security was witnessed during the Middle Ages following the failure of early civilization to protect people and p roperty effectively. This period was characterized by organized attemptsRead MoreThe Main Long Term Causes of World War One Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagesthe crises in the Balkans and the short-term trigger for the war was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Sarajevo, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Militarism in the 19th and early 20th centuries involving the great powers of Europe was definitely a key factor in the beginning of World War 1. Militarism is the ideology that a country’s power politically, socially and economically depends on their ability to use both for offence and defenceRead More The Church and the Middle Ages Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesThe Church and the Middle Ages The Middle Ages were a period in Europe dating from the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, around the 5th century. However, the fixing of dates for the beginning and end of the Middle Ages is arbitrary. According to the Norton Anthology, Medieval social theory held that society was made up of three estates: the nobility, composed of a small hereditary aristocracy,...,the church, whose duty was to look after the spiritual welfare of that body, and everyoneRead MoreCrisis Intervention: Life-Threatening Incidents1418 Words   |  6 Pagesincidents, the extreme events may contribute to individual crises, traumatic stress, and even Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Generally, a crisis can be described as an incident that occurs when people are confronted with issues or problems that cannot be solved. The irresolvable incidents contribute to an increase in anxiety, tension, inability to operate for extended periods, and a successive state of emotional unrest. In the past few years , there have been various major events that have impacted

Different Cultures Cause Miscommunication - 835 Words

HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT .................... CROSS- CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Instructor : NGUYEN BACH NGA Group : 8 Student : HO VAN KET Class : ANHSPK10D Student code : 13F7011114 ******* Hue, 2016 ******* TOPIC FOR END-OF-COURSE ASSIGNMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION When people from different cultures communicate, misunderstandings can happen. What are the possible reasons for those misunderstandings and what should people do in order to avoid them and prevent them from turning into cultural conflicts? Please limit your answer to no more than 1200 words. Misunderstanding is a communication phenomenon that we often experience in our life.†¦show more content†¦The third and final reason is non-verbal misinterpretation. Although language is the most obvious barrier in intercultural encounters, non-verbal communication is also known to vary misunderstandings and cultural conflicts. Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. It refers to body language, gestures, touch, and facial expression and so on. The gestures, symbols or body positioning for these phrases often differ across cultures. For instance, in America and some of Europe, the thumbs up sign means that something is good. Meanwhile in Australia, Iran this sign is considered rude, Nigeria’s very offensive. Another gesture’s the fig, in Turkish, Greek or Dutch culture is a commonly obscene, but this symbol for good luck in Brazilian culture. Steps should also be taken to overcome these problems could be solved by study meaning of non -verbal signals, you should absorb correctly its meanings in each particular country . You should not stereotypically think that all non-verbal communication styles are the same in everywhere. What is more, sharing your cultural norms and learning about those of the sojourner will help you better understand and cope with different nonverbal styles4. To sum up, we know that misunderstandings can happen when we communicate with people from different cultures, so our choice is remedy these misunderstanding so that from misunderstanding to understanding. As I previously mentioned, we willShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Importance of Verbal and Nonverbal Miscommunication664 Words   |  3 Pagesinclude: facial expressions, eye contact and hand gestures. Miscommunication is a daily occurrence in our society; it is when a message we are communicating, verbally or nonverbal, are not interpreted correctly. Secondly, miscommunication can also transpire when a phrase or words are ambiguous or may have different meanings in various cultures. In this essay I will discuss four different scenarios I have personally experienced when miscommunication occurred verbally and nonverbal. From a young age I’veRead MoreEssay about Intercultural Communication Barriers1559 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion years. On the other hand, the birth of culture is estimated to have token place about 35,000 years ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three mainRead MoreThe Jungle and In the Waiting Room1545 Words   |  7 Pageseventually lead to devastation, manipulation and cause mental and physical health issues. So, Sinclair presents the consequences they face from inadequate communication in a negative light. The language barriers in the story seem to cause horrific and severe incidents to the characters. Also, in the short story , â€Å"In the Waiting Room†, David Sedaris explores consequences due to his personal language barrier in his time in Paris. He explores different incidents he has experienced due to little knowledgeRead More Problems In Intercultural Communication Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion years. On the other hand, the birth of culture is estimated to have taken place about 35,000 years ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three mainRead MoreHow Canada Is A Country Of Diversity, Inclusion, And Acceptance1579 Words   |  7 Pagesinclusion, and acceptance. It is a country that consists of many individuals with various cultures and eth nic backgrounds. To live in Canada, it would be inevitably for one to be working with others that are of a different ethnic/ cultural background in the near future or even currently. Communicating with people or groups of people that group up with different norms, values and beliefs can cause miscommunication. Regardless of whether their communication be verbal, non-verbal or written, subtle differencesRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Of The Workforce895 Words   |  4 PagesCompanies have had to conform to what is known today in society. Diversity in the workforce includes a couple of different aspects. Companies must recruit, train, promote and utilize employees whom are diverse (Bateman, 2013, p. 204). Diverse being individuals who have a different ethnic backgrounds, different beliefs, different cultures, and different abilities. Diversity includes women and minorities, but also utilizing each of the individual employee’s abilities to help make the company more effective Read MoreCo-Cultures in a Multicultural Society Paper1314 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' Co-Cultures in a Multicultural Society Paper The movie Fools Rush In is a great example of how gender as well as cultural differences can hinder communication in a multicultural society. Fools Rush In is about two people, Alex and Isabel, who come from two different cultural backgrounds who after a one night stand become pregnant and decide to get married. However, along with the marriage come compromises that include cultural traditions and personal sacrifices. The movie is a comedy but canRead MoreAvoiding Cross Cultural Miscommunication1164 Words   |  5 PagesAvoiding Cross-Cultural Miscommunication It has been brought to our attention in Human Resources that our organization will begin international business at the beginning of the new year, which is just less than five months away. There are several negative situations that can occur within our organization due to cross-cultural miscommunication. When cross-cultural communications do not translate as intended, people can take with them a complete different message which can cause costly mistakes. SometimesRead MorePotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization994 Words   |  4 Pagesteammates from other culture. This implies that there are members in the team for whom communicating language is not their mother tongue. This results in false information transfer which means it was understood differently. Solutions – To polish the communication skills for each team members, perceptual thoughts must be change. Besides, cultural barriers as well as language barriers must be overcome. 4. Problem: Lack of Cohesion Multicultural teams often have different views of the problemRead MorePotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization984 Words   |  4 Pagesteammates from other culture. This implies that there are members in the team for whom communicating language is not their mother tongue. This results in false information transfer which means it was understood differently. Solutions – To polish the communication skills for each team members, perceptual thoughts must be change. Besides, cultural barriers as well as language barriers must be overcome. 4. Problem: Lack of Cohesion Multicultural teams often have different views of the problem

Advertising and Sexual Content free essay sample

Sexual Content in Advertisements in Women’s and Adolescent Girls’ Magazines 3/2230 California State University San Marcos Abstract A content analysis was conducted to examine sexual content in women’s and adolescent girls’ magazines. Sexuality was classified under three dimensions: facial expression, body language, and revealing clothing. Four popular female fashion magazines that publish adult and adolescent counterparts were selected. Coders analyzed 40 full paged advertisements for sexually explicit material and recorded ads as either â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† as sexual. It was hypothesized that there would be more ads with sexual content in women’s magazines than in adolescent girls’ magazines. A Chi-Square test of independence yielded that there was not a significant difference between the two. The implications of these findings are discussed. Sexual Content in Advertisements in Women’s and Adolescent Girls’ Magazines Advertising is not only the bearer of messages, it is the message. Many present day advertisements allure to the philosophy that an ideal woman is submissive, extremely beautiful, and subsists to fulfill men’s sexual desires (Baker, 2005). Studies have revealed that across a variety of magazines, advertisements use many stereotypes to portray women in an assortment of roles such as housewives, sex objects, and even as decorative elements (Baker, 2005; Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008; Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008). Sexual content in advertising has become more evident. Between 1964 and 1984 alone, the amount of ads sexual in nature tripled (Soley, 1986). At present, this trend continues to increase and intensify (e. g. , Archer, Iritani, Kimes, amp; Barrios, 1983; Courtney amp; Whipple, 1983; Goffman, 1979, as cited in Baker, 2005). The fact that advertising has become so pervasive and ubiquitous suggests it has a substantial and objectionable impact on society. The enormity of the impact of sexually explicit ads has remained indistinct. However, it has been strongly suggested that observation leads to modeling. Albert Bandura (1977, as cited in â€Å"Social Learning,† n. d. ) stated that â€Å"from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors [italics added] are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (p22). On that account, it is not surprising that recent evidence shows young women to be increasingly less offended by the portrayal of women as sex objects (Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008) or that adult and adolescent women appear to be becoming more and more representative of the images portrayed in today’s media (Baker, 2005). The themes of sexually explicit ads, and the models depicted within them, set an example for women to emulate. Bandura’s research demonstrates that individuals are more likely to imitate or model after people who are in a position of authority, who are well liked, or of a higher status (Bandura, 1977, as cited in â€Å"Social Learning,† n. d. ). Of equal importance, according to Bandura’s theory, individuals are likely to model after behaviors that result in outcomes they personally value (â€Å"Social Learning,† n. d. ). These principles are important to note and directly relate to what is seen in the magazine advertisements of today, specifically those targeted toward women. It is estimated that the average American views approximately 37,000 advertisements from television alone, per year (Bretl amp; Cantor, 1988, as cited in Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008). Just as surely, people are exposed to a great number of advertisements every time they open a magazine. The women depicted there are examples of â€Å"ideal† women in â€Å"ideal† situations—a very powerful and highly observable influence indeed. Women and teen magazines are rife with sexual content. Numerous studies have recorded high amounts of sexualization across an assortment of magazine categories (e. g. , Baker, 2005; Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008; Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008). One study reports that on average 51. 8% of magazine ads feature women and portray them as sex objects (Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008). This is a sizeable increase from the numbers reported in a 1984 study that found 22. 8% of ads portrayed women as sex objects (Soley, 1984). Stankiewicz and Rosselli (2008) also reports that 63. % of advertisements in the women’s fashion category portrayed women as such. This was higher than the overall average of all magazine categories. Therefore, we hypothesized there would be more ads with sexual content in women’s magazines than in the adolescent girls’ magazines. To study this hypothesis, we identified and selected magazine brands that publish both adult and adolescent versions. The sample was narrowed to two major brands: Cosmopolitan and Vogue; and were chosen because they are widely circulated and the most popular among the fashion category. Advertisements that were of at least one full page in length and contained any part of female were numbered and marked for possible examination. Sexuality was operationally defined through three dimensions: facial expression, body language and revealing clothing. The numbered ads were then randomly assigned and distributed amongst coders. By aid of a coding sheet and directions operationalizing the variables (e. g. body language), coders recorded each advertisement as either sexual or non-sexual. The aim of the procedure was to objectively examine sexual content within the widely popular and therefore influential magazines selected for our study. Advertising is a highly visible and therefore observable entity. Again, advertising is the message. In truth, Bandura’s Social Learning Theory would suggest that whatever messages put across by highly visible advertisements are likely to be received and imitated by their viewers. Women and especially teens are regularly subjected to unfavorable influences and heavy pressures to conform to images depicted by the â€Å"ideal† women portrayed in today’s magazines. Accordingly, it has become important to measure and compare sexual content in ads out in the open to the public. Similar research has illustrated that content (sexual) traditionally reserved for adult audiences continues to grow more rapidly within adult (women’s) categories, and that adolescent magazines do not experience the same growth of this type of content, despite an increase in their category as well (Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008). The purpose of this study was to explore the sexually explicit material that women of modern society observe day to day. Such a central source of persuasion has not been adequately scrutinized. Method Sample The content analysis sample consisted of 40 advertisements purposively selected from four popular women’s fashion magazines issued during October, 2008: Cosmopolitan, Cosmo Girl, Vogue, and Teen Vogue. Magazines were selected only if they had both an adult and adolescent counterpart. Advertisements were randomly selected from all full-page advertisements containing any part of a female’s body. Ten advertisements were collected from each magazine, 20 from the women’s magazines and 20 from the adolescent magazines. Measures and Procedure In this content analysis, each advertisement was coded for sexual content. The nominal data was coded as either yes (1) or no (2); similarly, magazines were coded by target audience as either women’s (1) or adolescents’ (2) magazines. Three sub-groups were created to evaluate the content of each advertisement (for coding directions see Appendix A): facial expression, body language, and revealing clothing. Facial expression was described as sexually suggestive looks and/or expressing sexual desire. Body language was described by posture (spread legs, leaning or bending over in a sexual manner), camera angle (focus on an intimate area, emphasis on breasts, buttocks, thighs, and hips), and sexual activity (hugging, kissing, in bed, sexual acts). Revealing clothing was defined as the model wearing short skirts/shorts (above mid thigh) and showing of the midriff, cleavage, and/or shoulders. If any of the above criteria were met, the advertisement was coded as sexual. Cohen’s kappa was used to measure inter-rater reliability among the three coders. Scores ranged from . 75 to 1. 00 (M = . 83, SD = . 14). Each coder analyzed approximately 13 advertisements for a total of 40. The coding sheet in its entirety is located in Appendix B. Results The study was designed to determine if advertisements with sexual content were more frequent in magazines targeted towards adult women rather than magazines targeted toward adolescent girls. A Chi-Square test of independence revealed that the number of sexually explicit advertisements in adult magazines was similar to that of the amount shown in adolescent magazines, therefore, the hypothesis was not supported; ? 2 (1, N = 40)= 1. 62, p = . 20. As seen in Figure 1, in the sample of women’s magazines, only 35% of advertisements contained sexual content whereas in teen magazines, 55% contained sexual content. Figure 1. Percentage of advertisements displaying sexual content across magazines targeted for women and adolescent girls. Discussion The aim of this study was to examine sexual content within advertisements in women’s and adolescent girls’ magazines. Based on interpretations of previous findings, we hypothesized that adult women’s magazines would contain more sexually overt ads than their adolescent equivalent. In fact, statistical analysis yielded that there was not a significant difference between the two. Adolescent girls’ magazines embodied a comparable occurrence of sexuality to the adult women’s magazines they are meant to grow into. Given our small sample size, it is feasible to presume that a power analysis would be appropriately suited to determine a more adequate sample size, therein increasing the validity of our results. Nevertheless, Stankiewicz and Rosselli (2008) reports that women are more likely to be depicted as sex objects in men’s, women’s fashion, and adolescent girls’ magazines; where three out of every four advertisements portray them as such. The oversight here is that sexual ads appear to be equally represented within adult and teen magazines. Zimmerman and Dahlberg’s (2008) research insists that shifting ideologies in feminism might help to explain how this change has gone relatively unnoticed. The interest of examining the portrayal of women in advertising was initially provoked by the women’s movement of the 1960s (Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008) and â€Å"in the past, young, educated women were the strongest critics of advertisements† (p. 71). However, attitudes of today’s younger generations have changed. Mittal and Lassar (2000, as cited in Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008) found that sexual liberalism had an effect on the perception of advertising. Although present studies show an agreement between respondents in terms of seeing advertising as highly sexualized, people less often think of such portrayals as offensive, irritating, or unethical (Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008). As far back as the 1980s, Coltrane and Messineo (2000, as cited in Baker, 2005) uncovered evidence that advertisers believe women accept objectified and passive views of themselves. In summary, it appears that adolescents have become increasingly exposed to sexual content in magazines without disconcerted notice because of societies increased tolerance and culturally acceptable views toward sex. Sexuality is a muddled concept. Further, advertising’s affect on sexuality is even more so. The American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2007, as cited in Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008) proposes that it is important to distinguish sexualization from healthy sexuality. This is a limitation of our study as it affects the degree of the implications we may infer from the findings. We made no attempt to identify or measure positive sexuality—only sexually explicit material in the broadest sense. Another limitation lies in gender. We only examined ads that contained women. Our literature review indicated that approximately one-half of ads in magazines are of women and that 63. 4% are sexually overt (Stankiewicz amp; Rosselli, 2008). If we had broadened our specification within the sample to include men, we might have seen different results. Thus we failed to account for any possible additional measures of sexual content in our magazine sample. In addition to removing biases and allowing the full examination of each magazine, using nominal scales of measurement appeared to limit our gauge of sexual content and left us little direction. Converting the coding system into a continuous scale would not only increase validity but would likely offer an overall clearer picture. For this reason, future research would do well to follow the aforementioned improvements in addition to exploring a way to distinguish, as well as measure, sexualization versus healthy sexuality. Despite the findings of this content analysis, it remains to be debated whether as Zimmerman and Dahlberg (2008) say, â€Å"society should find it surprising, alarming, or empowering that†¦[women] now casually accept the sexual objectification of their gender† (p. 78). The fact that our analysis yielded non-significance warns that adolescents are receiving advertising messages in many of the same forms as adults. English (2003, as cited in Zimmerman amp; Dahlberg, 2008) finds that â€Å"girls exposed to these images become more sexually aggressive, and [that] sexual experimentation is beginning earlier [italics added]† (p. 73). Observational behaviors occurring at earlier stages of life have always raised uncertainties as to their implications, and the case should not be different here.